Mandi, a town located in Himachal Pradesh, serves as a significant cultural and spiritual epicentre during the annual International Shivratri Festival. This event, which highlights the community’s devotion to Lord Shiva, attracts participants from diverse backgrounds, thereby reinforcing Mandi’s reputation as a cultural haven and earning it the designation of “Chhoti Kashi.”

The historical origins of Mandi, formerly known as Mandavya Nagari, can be traced to the meditative practices of Mandav Rishi, particularly at the sacred Kolsara rock situated along the Beas River. Mandi, positioned along the banks of the Beas River and often referred to as the “cathedral of temples,” is one of the oldest towns in Himachal Pradesh, housing 81 temples dedicated to a variety of gods and goddesses.

• The Mandi Shivratri Fair, an internationally recognized festival, spans seven days and is initiated with the auspicious observance of Shivaratri.
• The festival is aligned with the Hindu calendar, specifically occurring on the 13th day and night of Krishna Paksha, with the associated fast-breaking ceremony (‘vrata’) taking place on the 14th post-sunrise, correlating with the month of Phalguna (February/March in the Gregorian calendar).
• The festival’s global appeal is underscored by its gathering of deities from the town’s 81 temples, which contributes to Mandi’s characterization as the ‘Varanasi of the Hills.‘
• The event not only transforms the town into a vibrant celebration site but also signifies the convergence of over 200 deities from the Mandi district, commencing with the observance of Shivaratri.
• The Mandi Shivratri Festival is primarily centered around its guardian deity, “Mado Rai” (Lord Vishnu), in conjunction with Lord Shiva of the Bhootnath temple, and is steeped in numerous legends associated with this festive observance.

History

The history of Mandi’s fair dates back to the sixteenth century when Raja Ajbar Sen, the first great king of Mandi state, built the temple of Bhootnath in the center of the Mandi town. It is one of the two temples closely associated with the Mandi Shivratri fair, which emphasizes Shiva and related goddesses worship. 

The next ruler, Raja Suraj Sen, emphasized Vishnu worship and built the Madhav Rai Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, the protector of Mandi. The temple has an elegant silver image of Radha and Krishna named Madho Rai, which was ordained as the King of the State of Mandi. Subsequent kings served the state as the servants of Madho Rao. 

Under Ishwari Sen’s reign, Mandi Shivratri fair began. However, in 1792, he lost his kingdom and was imprisoned by Sansar Chand of Kangra for 12 years. Gurkha invaders eventually freed the king, and when he returned to Mandi, a grand reception was held, which coincided with the Shivratri festival. This marked the beginning of the tradition of holding the Mandi fair during Shivratri, which continues to this day.

Procession of Deities

On Shivratri, the town of Mandi becomes a center of devotion and culture. Villagers bring their village deities in rathas or palanquins, creating a beautiful gathering for the celebrations. The next day, a lively event at Paddal ground features 200 deities, folk bands, dancers, and colorful outfits. This event allows devotees to worship the deities at their assigned spots while respecting the set hierarchy.

Homage to Madho Rai and the Raja

Each deity, dressed in fine embroidered clothes, pays respect to Madho Rai and the current Raja. The procession starts at the Madho Rai temple, where the deities honor Lord Vishnu, setting the spiritual tone for the festivities.

The Shobha Yatra

The Shobha Yatra is the main highlight of the Mandi Shivratri celebration, also called Jaleb, Jeleb, or Zareb. This colorful parade pays tribute to the ruler, who represents Lord Madho Rai. Each year, Madho Rai himself leaves the temple to lead the procession.

Sacred Visit to the Bhoothnath Temple

After the Shobha Yatra, the ruler honors Lord Shiva at the Bhoothnath temple, the heart of the Shivaratri festival. The beats of drums and folk music accompany the moving palanquins, reflecting the joy of the deities after visiting the temples of both Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva.

Cultural Significance of Mandi Shivratri

As the Mandi Shivratri fair approaches its conclusion, the atmosphere is characterized by vibrant celebrations, music, and dance, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the region. A significant event taking place on the eve of the final day is “Jagaran,” a night-long worship ceremony during which a guru and his disciple offer prophecies for the upcoming year. This ritual not only underscores the spiritual aspects of the fair but also serves to connect the community through shared cultural beliefs. 

Economic and Commercial Aspects

Beyond its religious significance, Mandi Shivratri plays a pivotal role in the regional economy. The festival provides a marketplace for local traders, particularly from the Kangra and Kullu regions, promoting the sale of wool, honey, and handcrafted textiles. Artisans specializing in traditional jewelry and textiles gain economic opportunities, ensuring the preservation of indigenous craftsmanship.

Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Mandi Shivratri serves as a living repository of Himachal Pradesh’s intangible cultural heritage. Folk music, traditional dances, and the display of handcrafted goods contribute to the perpetuation of age-old customs. The festival’s ability to adapt while retaining its core traditions exemplifies the resilience of India’s diverse cultural landscape.

Conclusion

Mandi Shivratri transcends religious observance, evolving into a festival that encapsulates the interplay of faith, history, economy, and social cohesion. Its enduring legacy makes it a cornerstone of Himachal Pradesh’s cultural heritage, reinforcing the region’s identity while providing a vital platform for economic sustenance and community integration.